legalize marijuana for recreational use and tax it

legalize marijuana for recreational use and tax it


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The pro and cons of interviewing a suspected criminal

The pro and cons of interviewing a suspected criminal


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literature review -Benefits of cloud computing

Cloud Computing is associated with a new paradigm for the provision of computing infrastructure. This paradigm shifts the location of this infrastructure to the network to reduce the costs associated with the management of hardware and software resources [16]. The Cloud is drawing the attention from the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) community, thanks to the appearance of a set of services with common characteristics, provided by important industry players. However, some of the existing technologies the Cloud concept draws on (such as virtualization, utility computing or distributed computing

The spread of nosocomial infection by health workers

A nosocomial infection is described as an infection that develops in a hospital environment, such as one acquired by a patient during a hospital visit or one developing among hospital staff. Such infections include fungal and bacterial infections and are aggravated by the reduced resistance of individual patients.” [1] Risk factors Three main criteria broadly enclose the factors predisposing a patient to infection in a hospital setting:
1) Increased susceptibility: evidently, patients admitted in hospitals have poor state of health, which means lower defense quality against bacteria. This group includes elderly, premature babies and immunodeficient (because of drug abuse, illness or irradiation therapy). Additionally patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases have specifically increased chances of respiratory tract infection. 2) Invasive devices: for instance incubation tubes, catheters, surgical drains, and tracheotomy tubes as they have already overcome bodies primary defense line. Patients already colonized on admission are instantly put at greater risk when they undergo an invasive procedure. 3) Medications or treatment (e.g. repeated blood transfusions) themselves make the patient vulnerable to infections, e.g. antacid treatment or antimicrobial therapy (which eliminates competitive flora and allows flourishing of resistant organisms)

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Eco friendly vehicles in the US

Global warming has been a major concern around the word for sometime now. Governments and civil society groups have been trying varying methods to address the problem, but according to recent researches the efforts are not sufficient to halt climatic degradation. However, one of the notable efforts directed towards reducing the amount of carbon emission into the atmosphere is manufacture of Eco friendly vehicles.
The US being the biggest economy on the planet has been at the fore in fighting global warming through manufacture of Eco friendly vehicles.......

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The Utopia of Goryu

The Goryu society quietly resting in its beautiful country has a utopian structure of governance, economical, educational and justice which are only second to none. Since time in memorial, many writers and philosophers have written articles and even books describing what Utopia entails. One of these written utopias includes Plato’s Republic. According to Plato, a utopia ought to have equality; few laws eliminated poverty with no room for any form of misery. Sir More Thomas while describing an Atlantic Ocean Island in fiction, believe that a utopia can be the most ideal place if ever it existed. Adding to the list of Utopian societies is Goryu which has the most beautiful geography ever seen. This utopia also prides itself at having what can only be described as superb governance, educational justice and educational systems that exist no where else. It can only be termed as a heaven on earth.

Philosophy 25

The Shite Mourning ceremony is an annual ceremony in which the Moslem faithful congregate to commemorate the death of the son to the Prophet Mohamed by mourning.  This year’s event had attracted many “mourners” especially since they were marking the seventh century since the departure of Prophet Mohamed’s son. The ceremony however resulted in real mourning for the faithful that had gathered at the mosque of Imam Hussein in the Chahbahar city of Southeast Iran following the attack by two suicide bombers on faithful as they progressed with the ceremony. I will review the reports of Yahoo news, The Telegraph, The Jerusalem Post and The Haaretz

History and Development of Pinhole Photography and Cameras

Among the first pioneers of developing the pinhole Camera was Alhazen Ibn. His invention marked the evolution of the first pinhole camera in the middle ages of 1000 AD. The camera he invented was otherwise known as the Camera Obscura. However, the first cameras were synonymous with upside down images and Alhazen broke the ice with the pinhole camera. In other words, his camera was able to take upright images unlike other existing cameras. Initially, there existed optic laws that necessitated the working of the pinhole camera. This invention was primarily necessitated by Aristotle back in the 330 BC. His biggest motivation was the sun’s ability to create a circular image even after being viewed from a square hole[1].

Positive or Negative Act

Following discussions of America’s secretary of state with his France’s counterpart, the minister of foreign affairs, the president instructed the Secretary (Mr. Kellog Briand) to draft a binding agreement for the nations of the world. Kellog’s draft had two principle articles. Article one proposed that the signatories highly condemn the option of war in the bid to resolve international disputes. In effect, the agreement was tailored towards avoiding another world war as the nations of the world had been adversely affected by it whether directly or indirectly.  Article two proposed that the signatories that were faced with any manner of conflict with another country will only use pacific means to resolve their differences (Ferrell, 1952).

Trade Conflict between america and China

After the WTO case was final decided against China’s unfair export resource practices rocked the world of international trade on the eve of the Spring Festival holiday, it seems that there is no letting up of tension between the US and China. February has already seen the announcement of the establishment of the US Trade Enforcement Unit, a new Obama-administration backed task force that will be charged with investigating unfair trade practices in contrivance of WTO policies, especially charges of currency manipulation. While the new agency is ostensibly focused upon all countries violating established international trade laws, it already seems clear that the main target of the new body is China. To escalate matters even further, American lawmakers and union groups have begun pressuring the administration to block the import of China-made auto parts, which they purport are benefiting from Chinese government manufacturing subsidies- and are hurting American manufacturers.

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China Rise as a Super power

The rise of China surely ranks among the most important world developments of the last 100 years. With America still trapped in its fifth year of economic hardship, and the Chinese economy poised to surpass our own before the end of this decade, China looms very large on the horizon. We are living in the early years of what journalists once dubbed “The Pacific Century,” yet there are worrisome signs it may instead become known as “The Chinese Century.”

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Child Obesity

The U.S Department of Health and Human Services in their NIH Publication prefers to measure obesity using Body Mass Index (BMI); a practicable approach based on height and weight calculation. Using BMI an obese person is defined as one who’s BMI is equal to or above 30. This accumulation of excessive fat presenting a health risk is obviously known to be caused by eating more and exercising less. The obvious conclusion has for years overlooked a possible origin of human obesity via infectious agent. A certain strain of a cold virus Human Adenovirus AD-36 has now been shown to promote visceral obesity and a reduction of serum lipids (Nikhil 1). AD – 36 Is among a family of about 50 viruses that cause such complications as eye inflammations, infections to upper respiratory organs, gastrointestinal problems and most commonly common colds.

History of sexuality

  Sexuality is a universal characteristic of all living things; birds, bees do it and humans as well since the dawn of time have done it.
But the greatest question is how much the act has transformed through the history of living organism and even in past decades? how much has humans changed? are they better than they were at any other time in history? Sort of, say scientists. But it's how people fess up to the truth about their sex lives that has changed the most over the years.
Humans have been the same anatomically for over a hundred thousand years—so what is safe to say is that if we enjoy it now, then so did our ancestors and everyone else since, experts say.

what are the advantages and disadvantages of working while a student

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culture and diversity

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Impact of obesity on human movement

Instructions - Choose a topic from the list below. Search both the traditional textual material (refereed scholarly journals and books) in the library, and quality websites for information on the topic. Find at least three to five interesting pieces of information, or aspects of the topic at quality websites on the internet.

Feminist Movement of 1970s

5 sources
intro 2nd paragraph (background info on topic)
Body paragraphs (3) evidence
conclusion
works cited

Bullying, why it's essential for growth

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Obama care

Title  Obama care
Introduction
The Introduction has to include
*attention grabber; data, stats, rhetorical question
* 2 – 6 sentences give a definition of topics establishing context
* 1 sentences refutation (pro or con)
* 2 sentences thesis statement
The thesis statements have to have two parts. 
            1 assertion: claim, statement and position
            2 topics: controls, numerical signals and three topics
•    Series , tense have to be the same
•    Syllabication and words
Body 
Sentences one 
•    Topic t statement = assertion plus topic
•    Syntax, thesaurus and sentence types
Sentences two
•    Rewrite topic sentence (subtopics 1)
Sentences three
    Give  Example # 1
Sentences four
•    Explain the example # 1
Sentences  5 to 9
Repeat the idea in different word sentence two, three and four
•      Give the second example
    Explain the  example #2

Sentence 10
•    Transition sentence


Conclusion
The conclusions have to have 8 sentences
•    Thesis statement
•    Topic sentence
•    No example
•    No introductory state
•    Subject verb argument 
Note
Do not use religion fact or reasoning.

Is America becoming a third world country

The final assignment (research project) has three predominant features:   

understand the history of a problem in an international relations context, including the theories and concepts at play within it;
present a case study in which the problem is identifiable and compelling;
offer a solution or the practical application of a model.
For the most part, all three – history, case study, and practical application – may be accomplished using a tool that international relations scholars have borrowed from the “real world.”  For the executive summary, prepare the following:

Paper Length:  No more and no fewer than eight (8) pages

1 page - Introduction and background to the Problem - include thesis statement 

1 page - Issues - What are at least three-four issues within the problem?

6 pages - Research and Analysis Pages

Micro-credit has had a positive and significant impact in reducing poverty in developing countries

Micro-credit has had a positive and significant impact in reducing poverty in developing countries. Discuss both evidence in favour and contradicting this statement. Note: Poverty in this question should be taken as a loose concept including: income.

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Monetary policy- quantitative easing

Findings and results chapter within dissertation. Must be fully referenced. I have around 4-5 journals tht must be used of-course more sources will be required. I have the intro and lit review done and will upload layer so u know the structure and objectives to follow.

Specific topic on Brazil (culture, religion or slavery)

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Sociology - supplemental forum

Moynihan and Karman are truly at odds over the direction that deviance has taken in modern american society, with the former describing the drifting downward of standards for defining it while the latter approvingly citing the upward movement of standards defining deviance. They can't both be right, can they? If not, then what would it take to settle a dispute which has had very serious implications for the level of acceptable criminality in the U.S.? Oh, and where is Krauthammer in all this controversy?
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drug addication

As your textbook states in chapter 10, proposing a solution to a problem is one of the most common types of argument, whether in writing academic papers or talking with your coworkers, friends, or even yourself.  We often identify “problems” of one kind or another, and attempt to figure out the best solution.  In this essay, you will apply those same thinking strategies to a problem of your choosing based on one of the following:
1)    Expand on the topic of your summary response in essay one.  What is one problem, either mentioned in the talk/article or that you can think of related to the subject?
2)    Return to the community you wrote about in essay two.  What problem affects members of the group you wrote about?
3)    Explore a problem in health care that has directly affected you. 

coach carter the movie

Movie questions

1.                  In the first scene of the movie the team members were arguing and even fighting in the locker room. One member identified himself to the news media that he was the “star player”. As Coach Carter identified in the movie, they had only won 4 games. By the last scene of the movie, the team went to the championship games. What do you think made the difference in the team’s ability to become winners?

impression you get of an art work

In 2 pages double spaced
discuss your impression of an artwork of your choosing.
I have already picked the artwork and here at the very end provided you with the details regarding the artwork.

Questions below should be clearly answered in the essay.
1)Why did you pick it?
2)What do you feel about it?
3)After reading the links provided, does the artwork "work"?
4)Is it successful or do still not understand it? Why or Why not?
5)What was your initial reaction to the work? How did you feel? what were your first thoughts when you first saw it?
6)Not necessarily outside research is involved. Unless you want to. It's OK if you get some ideas from the website below.
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Link to the work:

http://www.albrightknox.org/collection/collection-highlights/piece:gauguin-yellow-christ/

Serial Murderer or Rapist Outline

Research a serial criminal (murderer or rapist) and write a 1-page bulleted outline,  on his/her career as a criminal. Be sure to outline his/her MO and outline if this person has been incarcerated, outcome of trial, type of evidence used to link the suspect to the crimes, etc.

Philosophy 25

The Shite Mourning ceremony is an annual ceremony in which the Moslem faithful congregate to commemorate the death of the son to the Prophet Mohamed by mourning.  This year’s event had attracted many “mourners” especially since they were marking the seventh century since the departure of Prophet Mohamed’s son. The ceremony however resulted in real mourning for the faithful that had gathered at the mosque of Imam Hussein in the Chahbahar city of Southeast Iran following the attack by two suicide bombers on faithful as they progressed with the ceremony. I will review the reports of Yahoo news, The Telegraph, The Jerusalem Post and The Haaretz

History and Development of Pinhole Photography and Cameras

Among the first pioneers of developing the pinhole Camera was Alhazen Ibn. His invention marked the evolution of the first pinhole camera in the middle ages of 1000 AD. The camera he invented was otherwise known as the Camera Obscura. However, the first cameras were synonymous with upside down images and Alhazen broke the ice with the pinhole camera. In other words, his camera was able to take upright images unlike other existing cameras. Initially, there existed optic laws that necessitated the working of the pinhole camera. This invention was primarily necessitated by Aristotle back in the 330 BC. His biggest motivation was the sun’s ability to create a circular image even after being viewed from a square hole[1].

Positive or Negative Act

Following discussions of America’s secretary of state with his France’s counterpart, the minister of foreign affairs, the president instructed the Secretary (Mr. Kellog Briand) to draft a binding agreement for the nations of the world. Kellog’s draft had two principle articles. Article one proposed that the signatories highly condemn the option of war in the bid to resolve international disputes. In effect, the agreement was tailored towards avoiding another world war as the nations of the world had been adversely affected by it whether directly or indirectly.  Article two proposed that the signatories that were faced with any manner of conflict with another country will only use pacific means to resolve their differences (Ferrell, 1952).

Pro Forma

The management decision to use pro forma numbers has attracted a profound debate in recent times. Some studies indicate that the pro forma numbers are informative while others assert that they are misleading to the investors. Research indicates that pro forma reporting is employed by corporate managements to deceive and manipulate the investors. Conversely, experts observe that pro forma reporting is makes financial numbers more appropriate (Frederickson & Miller, 2004).

Religion and ethics

The central concern for the United States Catholic Bishops, Faithful Citizenship: A Catholic Call to Political Responsibility reading is to spur a new form of politics for the political class. The Bishops want the politicians to engage in politics based on the fundamental morals and not just to be overly concerned with opinion polls. The central concern of the Sarah Nolans living faithful video is to educate the members of the elective offices on the importance of taking responsibility of the social problems facing humanity especially as far as basic needs is concerned (Sarah, 2010). The central concern of St. Francis and the Foolishness of God’s reading is the need for us to make our faith felt in society by responding to the needs of suffering humanity (Marie, 1993).

Self-healing hydrogels with and without surfactants

Hydrogel or aquagel is a complex network of cross-linked hydrophilic polymer chains found as a colloidal gel with water as the dispersion medium. Polyacrylamide hydrogels formed by the hydrophobic interaction between stearyl groups existing in a solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) exhibits two different faces that are dependent on the their state. Noteworthy, in the presence of SDS, the gels assume a slow relaxation mode when subjected to dynamic light scattering (DLS) effects and elastic moduli. This concludes that the gels with SDS have a temporary nature estimated at a rage of seconds to milliseconds.

Retail Business Analysis

Strategy entails two things: making a decision about where you want your business to go, and deciding on how to get there.  An organization’s comparative position within an industry is determined by its selection of competitive advantage, that is, cost leadership versus differentiation, and its option of competitive scope.  Competitive scope separates organizations aiming for extensive industry segments and organizations focusing on a narrow segment.  Generic strategies are important because they typify strategic positions at the simplest and highest level. Michael Porter claims that in order to achieve competitive advantage, an organization is required to decide about the type and scope of its competitive advantage (Porter, 1996).

Great Unsolved Canadian Mysteries

Find the story here:

http://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/angelique/indexen.html


These information is also important

In each mystery there has been a crime or injustice committed. Your job is to make an argument about the crime and back it up with evidence. In some mysteries it may appear to be clear or obvious who committed the crime and even perhaps why; however, you will be judged on the merits of the case you present.

Why i want to live and work in Japan

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Obesity as A social Issue In the Us

This Is  A paper that i have been writting along the time, I wrote the first pages but really need to focus on the tpic and i feel im not focusing at all.

My topic is Obesity as A social Problem. Please Read what i have written and change it because i think i might be in the wrong path

also i want you to write the second part of the essay witch is the 5 new pages i am asking for This are the instructions:

Accounting assignment

I have group presentation about (Greyston Bakery foundation)and I am going to talk about the financial analysis for Greyston Bakery for ten minutes ,i need you  to do     The interpretation of financial ratios computed from an organization’s financial statements.
and Liquidity ratios,Profitability ratios, activity ratios ,leverage ratios.
Also,Key revenues, Key assets,key liabilities,key expenses.
I need PowerPoint slides with charts.
To look up financial information on US charitable corps you need to search for form 990. Here is one source:

http://dynamodata.fdncenter.org/990s/990search/esearch.php

http://www.greystonbakery.com/

Heart of Darkness Essay

Historical Novel

This assignment introduces you to the debate over the respective 'boundaries' between history (factual/realistic) and literature (fictive/imaginative),and ways the latter may illuminate or distort our understanding of the former. The assigned novel is a fictional representation of colonialism in the (Belgian) Congo. In that sense, the novelist in question, Conrad, grappled with the same "problem" (historian) Collins and (journalist) Hochscild sought to explain: the object of European imperialism (colonialism) in Africa.

Southeastern American Indians

Disscuss the importance of the Spanish, French, and British on the Southeastern Indians. What was similar? and what was different?

starbucks in China

This is actually kind of my final year paper about business and marketing. It looks like dissertation but I just need to write it around 5000-6500 words.
My professor and me have discussed about this and we choose "starbucks in China" for  my final year paper.
He asked me to mentioned all of this:
1. Global consistency vs Localization( e.g.change the taste to asia taste)
2. Positioning shift --> Consequence
3. Marketing in China ( Use 4P's)
4. Competitor in China e.g local cafe, etc
5. Research about Starbucks. How people in Mainland China like starbucks?
6. Do a Questionnaire focusing in China market for getting the data and make it in a graph and explain it.

PS: Please do a correct citation as my university has their own plagiarism web to detect all the words which is same or most likely the same with internet so do some paraphrasing in order to do citation.

Reaction Paper: Moral Life of Babies

The paper looks at the moral life of kids and the psychological dimension that is depicted by those moral actions.  The author takes us through psychological experiments which help us to understand these morals. This is preceded by a real life action which triggers the interest I this topic by the author: a kid punishes a puppet for hurting another puppet.

Digestive System

Paper instructions:

My order was completed and the remainder of my deposit taken with out my consent. I was not even given the chance to communicate with you. I cannot use the paper you provided it did not answer any of the questions or use my references. This ALL questions are required to be answered for the paper. Can you please rewrite this paper answering the questions and use my references.

Compare and contrast the original "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to the new "Snow White and the Huntsman"

How does style support theme? Compare and contrast two different films. 1500 words.

Compare and contrast the original "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to the new "Snow White and the Huntsman"

How does style support theme? Compare and contrast two different films. 1500 words.
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how america has negative perspective and discrimination towards obesity than asian culture

This is for Ethnic Woman Study :Women, Health, and Social Justice
must have thesis that connect to the paper
must source from 3 books and 2 internet.
I am an international student, so you need to make little bit of mistask on gramma in parts
try to use simple words as much as possible.
I have only one shot and it cost pretty high.

how america has negative perspective and discrimination towards obesity than asian culture

This is for Ethnic Woman Study :Women, Health, and Social Justice
must have thesis that connect to the paper
must source from 3 books and 2 internet.
I am an international student, so you need to make little bit of mistask on gramma in parts
try to use simple words as much as possible.
I have only one shot and it cost pretty high.

hegel's theory of the modern state.

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The Moral Code of Conduct for Christianity and Buddhism

Paper instructions:

-Step 4 Write the paper: Your intro paragraph should include a brief statement of which traditions and issues that you will deal with, the thesis that you will be defending, and a concise plan of what is to come in your paper.  Each issue should be considered in its own paragraph, and you should support your position with references to chapters, page numbers, etc.  NO DIRECT QUOTATIONS.  Make sure that you include a title page, with the option number that you worked with, and the section number or meeting days of your class.

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Critically appraise the contribution of Michael Power’s “audit explosion” argument to our understanding of accountability.

psychology specifically is children raised better in heterosexual one parent home or two parent homosexual homes

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Demographic profile on the Netherlands compared to Thailand

NATIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

Each student should pick one less developed country and one more developed country.  Preferably these are countries in which the student has some personal interest. You can pick a combination of countries consulting the Population Reference Bureau's "World Population Data Sheet" at http://www.prb.org and/or the International Database of the U.S. Bureau of the Census at: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www.

Education

Thesis: Revitalizing and renovating a common public area within the school setting can positively enhance the student learning environment, affecting individual student ability to learn.

how america has negative perspectives towards obesity compare to asian culture

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Drones in America

This paper should explain what military drones are, how they vary in size and capabilities, and how the United States now wants to use them on domestic soil.  Mention Sen. Rand Paul who fillibustered over the privacy invadement that the government wants to have the ability to spy on people and have the authority to execute people using drones on domestic soil.  Find articles that are pertinent to this new hot topic(which should be easy) and include them in the paper.

Health Argument for Veganism

Paper instructions:

PG #3 Instructions
*Note: Again, I should remind you that following directions is the most important part of this assignment.

Invention:
For the invention portion of this exercise, think about some regular practice, rule, or law in your area of interest that you have strong feelings or opinions about. You may be for it or against it.  For example, if my area of interest is environmental studies, I may feel strongly that there should be a law regulating automobile emissions.

People Power

Directions: Read the Case Study, Below the Surface: Awakening the Driving Force Within, in your textbook (pg. 160) and then answer the following questions. The paper should be 1 page sinle space.

1.Chapter 7 reveals that a person's needs serve as motivators toward achieving challenging goals. Analyze what you believe drives persons like Phelps, Cox, and Armstrong to achieve these extremes.
2.Your goals play a key role in bringing purpose and direction to your life. Identify short-term goals that are currently influencing your behavior. What long-term goals do you hope to achieve in the future?

How to overcome culture shock

write a process analysis narrative essay about personal experience. this should be a personal experience,not someone else's. state why you think other people need to know this experience of your. states steps to follow in order to overcome culture shock and what happened to you when you didn't follow those steps.

the assertion that America is overmedicating its children

Write an essay in which you argue for or against the assertion that America is overmedicating its children. You can then propose alternatives to medicating children by researching different approaches
Make sure it is 5 or more paragraphs. Please use the materials that i upload as the source for the topic research.
1/ http://www.nimh.nih.gov/science-news/2002/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorders-are-children-being-overmedicated.shtml
2/ http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/23/health/23book.html?_r=0
3/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/medicatedchild/
Note: those are the website for it. plz read before you do the paper. And the upload file also

Analytical Report

For this assignment you will produce a proposal, dressed up in a formal report pattern ( see below) and responding to the following scenario:

At Atrium of Canada, the company has been doing very well in the past eight months, and the senior management group, in consultation with the Budget and Finance Department, has identified a sum of $250,000 as available to deal with needs of the various departmental areas. Each department, yours included, has been asked to make one or more proposals which

Knowledge Management and Organisational Learning

How can HR management systems and practices in Singapore, be re-designed using KM and OL principles to increase, innovation and competitive advantage over the next five years.

Discuss this in relation to 3 aspects of HR management including – Recruitment and Selection, Training and Development and Performance Management and Rewards.

Childhood Obesity

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Bear on unicycle

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"Where are you going, where have you been?" Joyce Carol Oates's Story

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The Development of social skills in early childhood classrooms

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Bill of Rights

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Christianity vs. Buddhism

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Child & Youth Work

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Gun control laws

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Ethical Decision Making Paper

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From 1812-1861 History Related

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Safe injection sites in canada

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casual analysis

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Benefits of scientific research

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US foreign policy

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The effects of terrorism on US intelligence community

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Assignment: Essay About Happiness

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Abstract Expressionism

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Psychology - The utility of cognitive behavioral therapy interventions are dependent on appropriate levels of assessment and care planning. Discuss in the context of a client presenting with GAD (generalised anxiety disorder)

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The use of anabolic steroids in sports

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would like to do Information globalization, social media, and the stability of governments.

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Halomonas elongata

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How my life might be changed if I were white?

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Strategic Plan Part IV

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What sort of material things make most people happy, and why?

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Microeconomics Question

Discussion Questions 

Post 1 original response for each chapter covered during the week (2-3 posts) by Friday at 11:59pm EST.  Post a minimum of 3 responses to other students’ original responses (3 posts) by Sunday at 11:59pm EST.  Please review the syllabus for more information.

Students should use correct citation methods where appropriate.  APA is the preferred style in the College of Business, but students may use any citation method they prefer.  Note: A URL alone is not a correct citation method, and posts copied and pasted from sources will be officially recorded as plagiarism. Late research assignments and emailed submissions will NOT be accepted for credit. Each submission will be checked for plagiarism with SafeAssign in Blackboard.In accordance with university policy, all forms of plagiarism will be reported to the School of Business as a violation of the academic dishonesty policy.

why do poor countries have more corruption?

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Recommendations and Action Plan

Stonewall’s barbershop was established in the year 1972. The company has primarily catered to males in the neighborhood. Due to changing dynamics in the business environment, there is dire need to improve the business so as to remain competitive in the market. The analysis the company carried out is very revealing. There are new players in the market who have brought competition hence the need for Stonewall’s management to come up with strategies to surmount the competition. Competition is one of the things that any business can not avoid. External factors always dictate the internal operations and organizational structure of a firm (Pearce & Robinson, 2005). 

Religion and ethics

The central concern for the United States Catholic Bishops, Faithful Citizenship: A Catholic Call to Political Responsibility reading is to spur a new form of politics for the political class. The Bishops want the politicians to engage in politics based on the fundamental morals and not just to be overly concerned with opinion polls. The central concern of the Sarah Nolans living faithful video is to educate the members of the elective offices on the importance of taking responsibility of the social problems facing humanity especially as far as basic needs is concerned (Sarah, 2010). The central concern of St. Francis and the Foolishness of God’s reading is the need for us to make our faith felt in society by responding to the needs of suffering humanity (Marie, 1993).

Retail Business Analysis

Strategy entails two things: making a decision about where you want your business to go, and deciding on how to get there.  An organization’s comparative position within an industry is determined by its selection of competitive advantage, that is, cost leadership versus differentiation, and its option of competitive scope.  Competitive scope separates organizations aiming for extensive industry segments and organizations focusing on a narrow segment.  Generic strategies are important because they typify strategic positions at the simplest and highest level. Michael Porter claims that in order to achieve competitive advantage, an organization is required to decide about the type and scope of its competitive advantage (Porter, 1996).

Pollution

Question One

Water pollution is a big problem and much need to be done to do away with this problem that has all dimensions when it comes to the human life. In as much as 70% of the worlds population is covered with water, many people the world over die of lack of this precious commodity. The problem of water pollution has mainly been brought about by the population of the world that has greatly increased over the past three decades. This has brought the need fro sufficiency in the national and international levels of the precious commodity. The other mina contributor towards the problem of water pollution is industrialization. Many countries as they enter this competitive area where their economy tends to be growing they neglect the fact that water need to be conserved (Price, 2008).

Social Learning Theory

                This theory is based on the idea that a person’s decision whether to abide by societal general procedures (values and rules) or not depends on the bond between individuals and the society (Lemert, 1945).  Furthermore, it has theorized that the individual-society bond is made up of four elements that is :(a) attachment: having a general sense of touch and feeling to others’ opinions and being able to have respect towards others and feel affection towards one’s life;

Holocaust My Lai Massacre

Rheualt Robert, who served as a commander in the army during the Vietnam War observes that when the subject of past atrocities comes up, people immediately think of Germany, Japan or Russia. Few would believe that the American can be responsible for grossly inhuman practices. His experience in Vietnam however makes him believe that the American troops are just as capable of committing atrocities as those of any other nation (Burgan, 2008).

Enemy of the state

A person may be described as such a state enemy if the said individual has been accused of committing crimes like treason. However, due to political reasons, an individual for example in an authoritarian government might be declared as a state enemy. Mostly, the pretext of doing it for the sake of the security of the nation is given. In the process, the political enemy would be treated equivalent to a person who has endangered the lives and well being of a certain country or population. Therefore should there be an agent who develops dealings with more than one country, the agent would be considered a state enemy, i.e. is not friendly to all of the entities that make up the state.

why children suffer from bone loss?

It has been established that one of the reasons why children suffer from bone loss is lack of activity. One way this has been proven is through the fact that the arms of a tennis player have a firm bone mass as opposed to that of a non-tennis player. Assessment of this phenomenon among the minors has not been easy since children have unreasonable time estimates spent in a variety of activities. This did not however affect the consistency of inferences made from a variety of experiments. It was noted that an increase in the activity of a child translated into an increase in his bone mass which is desirable since it reduces probabilities of fractures (Slemenda et al 1228).

What is a network society?

It has been widely thought since time immemorial that the ICTs are taking over every sector of life. Even after the unprecedented dotcom crash of 2001, the optimism of government, the business sector and the society at large was not dampened. The only thing that diminished was the talk about the heroes of the digital age. It would seem that every magazine and periodical was doing a story about the witty Billy Gates and idolizing him for buying a dos program from a programmer and later turning out to be the richest man from the proceeds the copyright generated.

Technology Relationships

There were many contributors to the growth of television and therefore not one single person can claim ownership of the whole process. Its invention and later development spans over along period of like 100 years as noted by Porter and Duff (1988). However its development and later improvement is attributable to Vladimir Zworykin and Philo Farnesworth spanning the late 1880’s and late 1980’s. They made major contributions both the picture and sound effects.

The Saxophone: From Novelty to Nobility

Introduction

When a saxophone is mentioned, it instinctively creates an imagination of a soothing sound commonly associated with jazz music. It is a unique instrument that has played a vital role in transforming the sound of music. The saxophone is also known as the sax to music lovers. Those who play the saxophone are called saxophonists. It belongs to the woodwind family among the numerous musical instruments. It is played using a single reed mouthpiece that is commonly confused with the one used in playing a clarinet. They are regularly made using brass (Jadassohn, 58).

Anthony Keidis

Anthony Kiedis was a vocal American rock band lead singer born on 1^st November, 1962. His early years were spent in Grand Rapids, Michigan before he moved to California (Hollywood) where he started pursuing his musical career. His early life as a youth out of high school was just like any other youngsters’ except that he dropped out of ULCDA because of substance abuse. This marked his debut at Red Hot Chili Peppers because he was invited to take assist as an opening act for the band.

Model for Telephone Privacy

Summary

Voice mail technology has its demerits the biggest of which is lack of privacy. As more and more people continue to use the system, the threat continues to grow daily. This paper suggests a voice privacy system which would guarantee privacy. The system will not only optimize the bandwidth but also enhance privacy in sensitive organizations like banks

Two Americans

Although the two paintings were done at almost the same time in history they have quite a number of dissimilarities. Pallock's painting was an abstract painting in fact, it is believed that Pallock did his painting in a drunken state and he simply dripped paint on the canvas using a stick. The painting reflected the notion that was prevalent at his time as nature was considered to be a disorderly mess by many people.  While one may easily jump to the conclusion that Pallock’s work was just a doodle that had no meaning, experts suggest otherwise. When the painting was subjected to a computer for analysis, it was actually realized that the painting was an intricate design of nature. It is this that led to the painting being termed as an “order in chaos” (Taylor, 2002).

The Main Characters in the Sarah Plain and Tall and A Long Way to Chicago Novels

Introduction  

Sarah, Plain and Tall is the tale of a loving family which has experienced an immense loss. Anna, who is the speaker of this tale, is roughly 12 years old. Ann’s brother, Caleb, is a number of years younger. The 2 kids live on the prairie with their father, who is called Jacob, and their 2 dogs. The first dog is called Nick and the second dog is known as Lottie. Anna and Caleb’s mother is missing since she passed on owing to giving birth to Caleb. On the other hand, A Long Way from Chicago is tale which involves Joey and his sister, Mary Alice. These two characters do pay a visit to their Grandma Dowdel each year during their summer holiday. The two reside in the big city of Chicago, whereas Grandma resides in a small Illinois town. This essay is arranged in such a way that the first section seeks to provide an understanding of the characters of Sarah of Sarah Plain and Tall and Grandma Dowdel from A Long Way from Chicago.  The second section will provide an understanding of the similarities of the two characters. Lastly, I will conclude the easy.

US ARMY

             US army has a lot of opportunities for career advancement and increasing professional knowledge and abilities. The benefits received from serving in the army make it well worth the occasional sacrifice. Some of the benefits include full time employment, college fees, free health care, learning new skills, and the pride of serving ones country. Those in the army earn a decent salary, a thirty days vacation a year, and are entitled to many benefits for their service. While on active duty in the army, personnel receive a basic pay. They get paid twice monthly on the first and the fifteenth of each month (Sherfield & Moody, 2009 ).

Compounds and Mixtures

A mixture is composed of a variety of atoms. These atoms are usually not bound together in a chemical way. Mixtures are categorized into two broad categories; homogenous and heterogeneous. In a homogenous mixture, all the portions that make the mixture are somewhat similar and once the mixture has formed, it would be almost impossible to tell the presence of two elements. The example of sugar and water is a kind of a homogenous mixture. A heterogeneous mixture on the other hand is one in which the atoms that comprise the mixture are dissimilar. Homogenous mixtures are often referred to as solutions. This implies that one can actually tell the presence of two or more elements just by observation of with a naked eye. An example would be a mixture of sand and sugar (Aldridge, 2009).

Exercises that make you smarter

It can be extracted from the experimental description that every aerobic action leads to growth the brains. The greatest growth of the brain cells is expected when an individual/mice is subjected to more strenuous conditions; actions that make the subject to pant and increase blood and oxygen flow into the brains. From the first experiment on both sets of mice improved their performance after being subjected to different stimuli. Although the argument held by the researchers might be regarded as true, another argument might also be set. When a person or mice is subjected to non impressive environment the brain tends to develop additional cells in response to the conditions.

The Study of Legal Pluralism is Relevant for the Development and Modernization of Legal Systems

Having more than one legal system within a certain geographic area is referred to as Legal pluralism. Plural legal systems are very common in countries that were colonized at one time in their history. Here, you find that the law of a former colonial authority still co-exists side by side with traditional legal systems. The idea behind having these multiple systems was so that certain issues for example commercial transactions, would be handled by colonial law, whereas other issues for such as family and marriage, would be covered by traditional law.

Women’s History

Telling of the story concerning women that lived in America in the sixties and in the seventies has continued to be a favorite topic for scholars.  The women revolution of the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early parts of the twentieth century is often referred to as the “Second wave.” It may still not be clear who coined the phrase but the contribution of Norton Beth stand tall especially in her book entitled, “Major Problems in American Women’s History.”

The European Union and Russian Energy Relations

1.0 Introduction

            Energy and world economics is a very important subject which has drawn the attention of all nations and states. In fact, all economies of the world rely so much on energy for their growth. This research paper seeks to take a study on the relationship that has existed between the European Union and the Russian economy in matters of energy. The paper highlights the advantages as well as the disadvantages of utilizing Russian energy provision in the European Union. The paper also seeks to find out solutions to the present energy supply of Europe and try to institute which would be the most efficacious solution to adopt.  Having had a close study on Russian business as well as some background information about the economy of Russia, interest in carrying out a study on the same arose as it was found an area of interest in world economics (Robert et al, pp. 67-90).

Political and Economic Problems of Maccabaeus

Introduction

The Maccabeus in the early and middle 1700’s was a centre for war and inconceivable lack of integrity from the leaders and the civil public that greatly monitored every movement of their leaders. During the era of Handel, there was war and a lot of unnecessary spending from the nation’s leaders. This greatly incensed the people who would write many things from letters to leaders to articles to friends showing their lack of contentment with the status quo. This paper looks at the problems that Handel faced politically and economically due to the situation he was in then and the composition he had in terms of assistants and their contribution to his woes.

Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler

Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler was the most important trader in Cubist art at the time of its establishment. His companionship, with Picasso and Braque permitted them to toil comparatively unimpeded by the hassles of public exposition. Daniel-Henry was affirmed a foe foreigner on the outburst of warfare in the year nineteen hundred and fourteen (1914). This is after his collection was sequestrated and was compelled to retire to Switzerland. While in Switzerland, he was swayed by his readings in beliefs, mainly an attention in Kant. He compiled a hypothetical work which was referred to as Der Gegenstand der Asthetik.

Aboriginal visual culture

Amongst the many characteristics of a public art gallery is that it may introduce eloquence to the connotation of society. Incorporated inside this is its capability to involuntarily disclose how cautiously outlined and complex the limits are in between those who are incorporated inside it and those who are integrated within it and those who reside outside it. Projects which occur in any society relying on if they’re projected to be insubordinate or all-encompassing necessitate cautious dialogue by artist. These dialogue turn out to be even more composite when this particular work is placed inside an aboriginal background that is a place whereby cultural set of rules ought to be in equilibrium with artistic purposes and diverse importance systems that is those of the artist, second, the given society and the bigger art. Within the modern-day practice, the expression public art has changed its connotation. It has shifted from recounting commercial metal figurines in public plazas which deliberately distance the onlooker and the maker.

Activity Based Costing

Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler was the most important trader in Cubist art at the time of its establishment. His companionship, with Picasso and Braque permitted them to toil comparatively unimpeded by the hassles of public exposition. Daniel-Henry was affirmed a foe foreigner on the outburst of warfare in the year nineteen hundred and fourteen (1914). This is after his collection was sequestrated and was compelled to retire to Switzerland. While in Switzerland, he was swayed by his readings in beliefs, mainly an attention in Kant. He compiled a hypothetical work which was referred to as Der Gegenstand der Asthetik.

Agile Analysis, the Risks and Rewards

Majority of agile development techniques are risk driven, consequently project risk ought to be ones principal apprehension when making a decision on the manner of carrying on with a particular project and allot product characteristics to meticulous iterations. It is important to keep in mind that the riskier projects ought to come 1^st. In spite of this theory, several books accessible regarding agile methods-XP or scrum, for example-have outstandingly little to discuss regarding the manner in which an expansion panel resolute the risk it encounters, precedence’s them, or takes appropriate action in order to cancel out their impact.

Aristotle influence on modern art

Popularly referred to as Aristoteles in majority of the idioms, Aristotle was born in three hundred and eighty four BC. He lived a short but successful life and died on 7^th March in four hundred and twenty two BC. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher is frequently deemed to be 1 of the 2 main powerful philosophers in Western contemplation. His scholarly work range was enormous. It covered majority of the sciences and scores of arts. These scholarly works consisted of first biology; second, botany; third, fourth, philosophy of mind; fifth, poetics……. He was the pioneer of formal logic. He designed for this logic a completed scheme which for hundreds of years was considered as the best in the discipline. Furthermore, he instigated the study of zoology that is observational and hypothetical zoology. Some of his work on zoology was incomparable until the nineteenth (19th) century. Nevertheless he’s, certainly, main exceptional as a philosopher. Aristotle’s writings in principles and political hypothesis in addition to metaphysics and the philosophy of science persist to be studied. Better still, his work stays a dominant current in modern philosophical discussion (Allan 11).

Role of Ethics and Social Responsibility

A business or any other organization must have a community or a society for it to thrive. Bearing this in mind, it has an ultimate social responsibility in delegating its obligations and performing its operations. Ethics are definite set of laws and steps which delineate the kind of good or bad conduct. An ethic-centric business organization or any other organization pursues to the later ethical doctrines while doing business and managing its everyday activities. This kind of an organization integrates ethics within its strategic planning practice. Furthermore, this integration assists the organization in turning out to be communally receptive.

Comparison of Land- based and Sea- Based Ballistic Missile Defense

Thesis Statement: Sea-based Ballistic Missile Defense offers the most feasible protection for the United States than Land-based Ballistic Missile Defense.

The notion of ballistic missile defense (BMD) isn’t novel. It initially surfaced in the premature years of the Cold War as part and parcel of the general strategic contest between the USA and the Soviet Union[1]. The conception that ballistic missiles might be interrupted and shattered while in flight provided the panorama of a scheme of safety founded upon a “dynamic defense” as opposed to the frightening concept of safety founded on mutual assured destruction by distasteful forces[2].

How My Brother taught me to ride a Bicycle

When I was 10 years old, my elder brother by the name Jerome told me that it was necessary to learn how to ride a high-wheel bicycle. He was more than ready to assist me in doing so. I deliberated on this subject for a lengthy period of time and reached at a conclusion that I could start the training session. We had an old high-wheel bicycle that was purchased by my dad some few years back. My brother and I chose the backyard of our homestead as the training ground. The reason is to why we chose this site was due to the fact that it guaranteed confidentiality. My brother described the steps in brief. Subsequently, he got on top of the bicycle and rode it for a short period of time. The aim for doing this was that he desired to show me the manner in which riding a bicycle was simple. He told me that the alighting was probably the trickiest thing to understand. As a result we decided that it would be the last thing to learn. He discovered, to his amazement and delight, that all that he required to perform was to enable me get on top of the bicycle and watch out. I might possibly alight, myself. In spite of the fact that I was fully inexperienced in riding a bicycle, I alighted safely.

Collective Bargain

Collective Bargaining may be defined as the procedure of bargained or negotiated decree-making in between a faction of unionized staff and the management of 1 or more business or manufacturing organizations. In supposition or theory the scheme is amongst the deliberate accommodation in between 2 private entities, however in actual fact much backing legislation, and its dynamic enforcement, is crucial to the health of this scheme. During this process, the workers are at liberty to put in order and to choose private bargaining agents to bargain collective accords which outlines their salaries, hours of work and even working state of affairs. Furthermore, the workers may partake in rigorous activity for joint aid and defense.

Genetically Modified Potatoes and the role of Codex Alimentarius

In a much wider perspective, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are defined as organisms in which the genetic material has been changed in a manner that does not exist in nature. The technology, one of the recent controversial inventions is often referred to as modern biotechnology, gene technology, genetic engineering and occasionally recombinant DNA technology. Technically, the technology enables particular individual genes to be transferred from one organism to another including between non-related species. The techniques are applied in growing genetically modified food crops (Joint FAO/ WHO, 2006).

            There are some reasons why GM foods are developed and marketed. The reasons are based on the belief that there is some supposed benefit either to the producer or consumer of these products. The final products translate into a lesser price, more benefits in terms of durability and nutritional content. Originally genetic modified developers of seeds wanted them to be appreciated by producers, farmers and the entire industry. The original purpose for developing plants based on genetically modified organisms was to enhance crop protection. The genetically modified plants on the market today are mainly intended at an augmented level of crop protection. This is supposedly achieved by introducing plant resistant to diseases brought by insects or viruses or by more tolerance towards herbicides.

            Resistance to insects is made possible by incorporating into the food plant some genes responsible for production of toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. This toxin is at present utilized as a conventional insecticide in practice of agriculture and is consumed safely by humans. The genetically modified crops that permanently generate this toxin have been revealed to require lesser amounts of insecticides in definite situations. On the other hand, resistance to virus is achieved by introducing a gene from some specific viruses which brings disease in plants. Resistance to virus enables the plants to become less susceptible to diseases brought by such viruses, giving higher yields in crops (Damato, 2009).

            Additionally, herbicide tolerance is made possible by introduction of a gene from a bacterium transmitting resistance to some herbicides. The utilization of such crops has caused a reduction in the amount of the herbicides applied in situations where the weed pressure is elevated. Generally consumers consider the habitually consumed food or traditional foods as safe. In situations where new foods are made naturally, some of the existing features of foods can be changed. The change achieved can either be positive or negative. Traditional foods are not habitually examined and in fact, new plants developed by traditional methods may not be assessed rigorously by the risk analysis techniques (Shiva, 1999).

            The national authorities consider that definite analyses are essential for genetic modified foods. Particular systems have been put in place for the thorough assessment of genetically modified organisms and foods. The evaluation is carried out relative to both health of people and the environment. Studies reveal that similar assessments are usually not done for traditional foods. Consequently, there is an important disparity in the assessment process prior to marketing for these two categories of food.  One of the goals of the World Health Organization Food Safety Programme is to aid the authorities in the detection of foods that are subject to risk assessment. This includes genetically modified foods after which a good assessment system is recommended.

            In order to determine the risks to human health, the safety evaluation of genetically modified foods usually looks into toxicity or the direct health effects and the tendencies of foods to aggravate allergic reaction. Other ways of evaluation are the definite components thought to possess nutritional or toxic properties and the steadiness of the inserted gene. The safety evaluation also includes the nutritional effects connected with genetic alteration and any unintentional impacts which could cause the gene insertion.

            When the genetically modified foods are considered for human health, there are some major issues of concern. While research has covered a vast range of aspects, the three main issues considered are tendencies to aggravate allergic reaction called allergenicity, gene transfer and out crossing. As a matter of fact, the movement of genes from usually allergenic foods is discouraged except when it can be established that the protein product of the moved gene is not allergenic. Unlike GM foods, traditionally produced foods are not usually tested for allergenicity. According to research, protocols for tests of genetically modified foods have been assessed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO). The results indicate no allergic impacts relative to genetically modified foods on the market today.

            The Codex Alimentarius is a compilation of globally documented standards, codes of practice, guiding principles and other approvals concerning foods, food production and food safety. Codex Alimentarius Commission was introduced in 1963 by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The commission's chief objectives are to protect the consumers’ health and ensuring fair practices in the global food business. The commission is accepted by the World Trade Organization as a global reference point for the resolution of disagreements regarding food safety and protection of consumers.

            Codex Alimentarius Commission was made to develop food standards, guiding principles and codes of practice .The commission is also responsible of promoting coordinating all food standards work carried out by international governmental and non-governmental organizations.

Though not officially part of the Codex Alimentarius, FAO and WHO provides the commission with the expert technical advice on the food safety aspects of genetically modified food.

            The Codex Inter-governmental task force on biotechnology foods stressed the significance of developing internationally accepted guidance on issues relating to the safety of the foods coming from biotechnology. The task force insisted that the guidance should be based on sound scientific support and principles. He expressed the wish that this session would agree on new areas of work to be undertaken and that the Task Force would accomplish its work within the agreed timeframe (Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1993).

            Biotechnology can play a major role in satisfying the food requirements of a growing and increasingly developed world population. Nonetheless, for some uses of biotechnology, the benefits anticipated should be compared with possible risks, to human and animal health and also to the environment, using a definite scientific structure. It is therefore expected that in defining its work program, the Codex Inter-governmental Task Force should grant deliberation to those concerns that would generate the biggest advantages to consumers’ health and improve food security and nutrition welfare of low-income communities.

This is to be done while taking due account of work accomplished by other national authorities and relevant organizations. It has been suggested that in the future, a worldwide specialist organization could be created to aid in evaluating safety measurements carried out by various groups with the goal of evaluating their compliance with Codex rules. Of course it cannot be emphasized enough, the urgency to aid developing nations to increase their capability in the safety evaluation of foods resulting from biotechnology. FAO’s has reiterated its willingness to support, jointly with WHO, the job of the Task Force by offering the required scientific advice (Joint FAO/ WHO, 2006).

The reason why the issue of GM is so sensitive has to do, in part, with gene transfer and out crossing. Gene transfer from genetically modified foods to cells of the body or to bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract would arouse alarm if the transmitted genetic matter affects human health badly. If antibiotic resistance genes used in creating GMO were to be transmitted, it would be particularly pertinent. The use of technology without antibiotic resistance genes has been encouraged by a recent FAO/WHO expert panel, although the probability of transfer is low.

Out crossing is the transfer of genes from GM plants into ordinary crops or related species in the wild. This, and the mixing of crops grown from common seeds with those grown using GM crops, may produce an indirect consequence on food security and safety. This threat is genuine, as was demonstrated when traces of a maize type which was only permitted for animal feeds were found in maize merchandise for human consumption in the United States of America. Strategies to minimize mixing have been adopted by various countries. This includes a clear division of the farms within which GM crops and ordinary crops are grown. Moreover, viability and modes of post-marketing supervision of GM food products, for the nonstop surveillance of the safety of GM food products, are under discussion.

There are no special international regulatory systems currently in place regarding the issue of international GM foods trading. A few international organizations however are involved in developing protocols for GMOs. The Codex Alimentarius Commission is one such body. It is a joint FAO/WHO body whose responsibility is assembling the standards, codes of practice, guidelines and recommendations that make up the Codex Alimentarius: the international food code. Codex is responsible for the development of ethics for the human health hazard examination of GM foods. The basis of these principles dictates that a premarket assessment should be carried out. It should be done on a case-by-case basis including an assessment of both direct effects and unintended effects. Direct effects are those that result from the inserted gene while the unintended effects are those that may arise as a result of insertion of the new gene.

Codex principles are not compulsory on national legislation. However they can be referred to specifically in the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement of the World Trade Organization (SPS Agreement). They can also be used as a reference in case of trade disagreements. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB), an environmental treaty legally binding for its Parties, is the one that controls international movements of living modified organisms (LMOs). Genetically modified foods are covered by the Protocol only if they contain LMOs that are able to transfer or replicate genetic material. The basis of the CPB is an obligation that exporters ask for approval from importers before the first shipment of LMOs meant for release into the environment (Damato, 2009).

This is primarily due to environmental issues of concern which are several. First is the ability of the GMO to break out and possibly introduce the modified genes into natural populations. Then there is the perseverance of the gene after the GMO has been harvested and the vulnerability of non-target organisms, for example, insects which are not pests, to the gene product. Additionally, there is the stability of the gene as well as the decrease in the range of other plants including loss of biodiversity. Finally, there is a rise in utilization of chemicals in agriculture. Local conditions cause a considerable variance in the environmental safety aspects of GM crops. 

 Investigations on these issues have been focused several issues including the potentially harmful effect on useful insects or an increased introduction of resistant insects and the possible creation of new plant pathogens. Also included are the possible harmful repercussions for plant biodiversity and wildlife, and the diminished utilization of the vital practice of crop rotation in certain local situations, as well as, the transfer of herbicide resistance genes to other plants.

Potatoes have been losing significance as a food crop over the past few years. But quite the contrary, its prospects in the starch and chemical industry have been growing for quite some time. Taste is not important for starch potatoes. In its place, emphasis is placed on the superiority and composition of the starch. An optimized starch potato has been introduced to fields of Europe. This latest potato strain is genetically modified. Only about a quarter of the potatoes grown in Europe actually get consumed by people directly. About a half is fed to livestock. The last one quarter is utilized as raw material in the manufacture of alcohol and starch.

 Potatoes have become very important renewable raw materials for the starch industry. However, the starch found in potatoes, is not in a perfect form. It is made up of a blend of two dissimilar kinds of starch: amylose and amylopectin. The two components of starch display very diverse properties. Amylopectin makes up eighty percent of the starch content in potatoes. It is comprised of large, highly-branched molecules. It results to starch water being soluble and gives it its typical stickiness. Amylopectin is utilized in the food, paper, and chemical industries as paste, glue or as a lubricant. Amylose on the other hand, is comprised of long, chain-like molecules and is utilized largely to manufacture films and foils.

 These two kinds of starch are valuable for human nutrition. However a mixture of different starches is a problem for the processing industry. They are forced to separate the two kinds of starch using costly processes that are harmful to the environment. For that reason, plant breeders worked relentlessly to come up with potatoes that contain only one type of starch. Emphasis was placed upon developing potatoes containing only Amylopectin, because of its many applications.

Conventional reproduction methods have failed to give an amylose-free potato that has satisfactory yield and resistance to pests and diseases. On the other hand, genetic engineering or sense-Strategy provides a reliable approach to repressing the production of amylose. For several years, genetically modified amylopectin potatoes were tested in field trials. Applications were then presented to European regulatory authorities for approving the cultivation of these potatoes as a renewable raw material for starch production. A request for the approval of the potatoes as feed was also submitted because the post-processing residues would be fed to livestock.

Attempts to give pest and disease resistance to potatoes utilizing genetic engineering have not been quite as successful. However, a few genetically modified potato cultivars with increased resistance to viruses and to the potato beetle were accepted in the US and in Canada. They planted about 25,000 hectares with those new cultivars but farming of GM potatoes was stopped. This is because the GM potatoes did not do well. They were not giving any financial returns, and several big US companies declined to accept the GM potatoes for additional processing.

More research is ongoing on potatoes with genetic engineering to give resistance to Phytophthora infestans, also called late blight of potato. This is considered to be the most harmful plant infection of all because it can spread very fast when the environment is warm and moist, resulting to overwhelming losses. It is best remembered for causing the Irish Potato Famine of 1846-1850. Surprisingly, this disease is still a big predicament. It is very flexible and has been able to elude all management strategies utilized so far and has reacted with new, modified forms. The disease is treated using fungicides and heavy metal treatments which harm the environment.  Meanwhile, genetic engineers have developed a hopeful new approach; they developed fungus resistant GM potatoes that are on field trials.

Three stakeholders are directly involved in the introduction of genetic engineering in potato breeding. These are public research institutes, biotechnology firms, and potato breeding companies. The Center for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries, and the Department of Plant Breeding (IVP) of the Agricultural University of Wageningen are the most vital public research organizations. . Keygene, of Wageningen, and MOGEN, of Leiden are the two new biotechnology firms that are doing research on transgenic potatoes in the Netherlands.

The potato breeding firms, the third group of shareholders, are undergoing a restructuring. To begin with, there is a group of firms being formed, through mergers and takeovers. Secondly, potato growers have extended reproduction research activities, as potato reproduction study at public institutions has been reorganized. Then, the increase in genetic engineering has motivated firms to rise funding in biotechnology research. This is being done either by the firm’s research department or contracting out the research. There is a general feeling of need by most firms to keep up to date with the latest research findings. Lastly, pressure has mounted on breeding companies to develop varieties that have improved pest and disease resistance. This will translate to less pesticide requirements. This restructuring process will confer the potato breeding companies more influence and power in the potato product chain as a whole.

There are two kinds of transgenic potatoes that can be identified: those with improved resistance to pests and diseases, and those with superior characteristics for storage and processing. All the major potato pests and diseases qualify for genetic engineering research. It also includes diseases and loss resulting from nematodes, bacteria, fungi, virus, insects, and herbicides. Most of these pests and diseases are not a big threat to potato cultivation in the Netherlands, but they are significant due to the huge export of seed potatoes. For example, seed potatoes exported to Mediterranean countries encounter subtropical diseases prevalent in these countries.

  Genetically modified potatoes that were virus resistant were the first to be adopted in the Netherlands. A new strain of transgenic potatoes, which are resistant to Potato Virus X, will be ready for business in several years. They are currently still subject to cultivation tests. Nematodes and fungi are the two most significant hazards to the Dutch potato crop. Genetic engineering research on resistance to these is in its very early stages. Commercial introduction of transgenic potatoes with better resistance to nematodes or fungi is not expected for quite a while.

Transgenic potatoes with superior storage and processing characteristics have been released in the Netherlands. However they are still subject to cultivation tests. In one of the transgenic potatoes, the starch composition has been altered. It has been made Amylose free. This particular potato may lead to better efficiency of industrial starch processing. a different kind of transgenic potato has been altered to make it less susceptible to bruising so as to lessen wastage of raw material in the process of storage, transport, and processing. In Denmark for example, research on transgenic potatoes is aimed at bettering cold resistance. Potatoes with higher cold resistance can be kept at lower temperatures. That means that they would need fewer chemicals for preventing sprout growth. Some countries have directed their genetic engineering research towards improving the starch content.

In conclusion, for potato farmers, the introduction of transgenic potatoes with increased disease resistance may result to a change in variable costs. For example, it may mean lesser expenses for pesticides but increased initial costs of material. Likewise, transgenic potatoes with better storage or processing characteristics may translate to higher prices for the farmers produce, but the starting material may be costly. Still, the economic implications can only be looked at in hypothetical terms (Bijman, 2009).

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